Triggers for Schizophrenia: Unravelling the Multiple Factors
No one wakes up hoping to develop a mental health condition, yet every year many are diagnosed without knowing any causes behind it. This leads to fear, frustration, and questions. Where did this come from? What does this mean for my future?
California is no stranger to mental health concerns, with almost 400,000 Los Angeles County residents having a serious mental illness. This shows a prevalent need for community education and options for care.
Bridges to Recovery provides a connection to those searching for more information about mental health and treatment options. In this article, we are discussing the triggers for schizophrenia and what factors contribute to its development.
Understanding the Triggers of Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a complex mental health condition that significantly impacts perception and thought processes. Although its precise cause remains elusive, research suggests it arises from a combination of genetic, neurobiological, and environmental factors. This interplay of influences highlights the condition’s multifaceted nature and underscores the need for a comprehensive understanding of its triggers.
The multiple factors that lead to the development of schizophrenia are the basis behind common triggers. The following discussion shows how stress, substance use, and environmental factors trigger schizophrenic episodes.
The Role of Stressful Life Events in Schizophrenia
Stressful life events are frequently cited as significant contributors to the onset and exacerbation of schizophrenia. Stress activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, leading to the release of cortisol, a hormone that, in excess, negatively impacts brain function. For individuals with a predisposition to schizophrenia, heightened stress responses serve as a tipping point, triggering symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking.
Common stressful life events include the loss of a loved one, divorce, financial hardship, or experiencing abuse or trauma. Childhood adversity, in particular, has been strongly linked to an increased risk of developing schizophrenia later in life. Studies suggest that early-life stress can lead to lasting changes in brain structure and function, creating a heightened sensitivity to stress during adulthood.
Social stressors, such as social exclusion or discrimination, also contribute. Individuals who feel marginalized or ostracized often experience elevated levels of stress, which can exacerbate symptoms or even precipitate their onset. Those living in urban environments, specifically urban minority groups, exhibit higher rates of social stress. Studies have validated these findings and connected social stress to a higher risk of mental disorders including schizophrenia.
Although stress does not cause schizophrenia in isolation, it plays a pivotal role in exacerbating symptoms and influencing the course of the disorder. Interventions aimed at stress management, such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and mindfulness practices, have been beneficial in mitigating these effects.
The Impact of Substance Use on Mental Health
Substance use has long been recognized as both a risk factor and a complicating element in schizophrenia. Certain psychoactive substances, including cannabis, amphetamines, and hallucinogens, have been shown to increase the likelihood of developing the disorder, especially in individuals with a genetic predisposition.
Cannabis use, in particular, has garnered significant attention due to its widespread prevalence. Studies indicate that early and frequent cannabis use leads to memory deficits and a reduction in attention. These did tend to reduce after weeks of abstinence, though some continued to experience residual effects. The connection between cannabis and developing schizophrenia is low, with a Swedish Army study noting only 3% of participants who used cannabis heavily went on to develop schizophrenia. However, there is a high correlation between those who already have a schizophrenia diagnosis and cannabis use, though the prognosis of combining the two is poor.
Other substances, such as amphetamines, cause psychiatric symptoms when taken illicitly. In individuals with schizophrenia, amphetamines further exacerbate negative psychiatric symptoms and worsen prognosis. Studies have shown those with schizophrenia and past-year amphetamine use had higher rates of hallucinations, persecutory delusions, racing thoughts, dysphoria, and anhedonia. Those who formerly took amphetamines but did not have past-year use did not experience the same outcome.
Recognizing and addressing substance use is a crucial component of schizophrenia management. Integrated treatment approaches that provide co-occurring disorder care improve outcomes and enhance the person’s quality of life.
How Environmental Factors Contribute to the Development of Schizophrenia
Environmental factors encompass a wide range of external influences that may contribute to the development of schizophrenia. These factors often interact with genetic and neurobiological vulnerabilities, highlighting the importance of a biopsychosocial model in understanding the disorder.
One notable environmental factor is prenatal exposure to adverse conditions. One study highlighted the connection between analgesic use and the development of schizophrenia in the fetus later in life. While there was not a strong link between the third trimester and the first two months of the first trimester, the study found a high-risk connection during the second trimester. Of the participants, 1.5% went on to develop schizophrenia after analgesic exposure during the second trimester.
Birth complications have also been linked to psychotic disorder development. Research showed hypoxic-ischemia-related fetal/neonatal complications were associated with a high risk of developing a psychotic disorder, 6.9%, compared to 1.4% with no relevant complications.
Urban living is another significant environmental factor. Research consistently shows higher rates of schizophrenia among individuals residing in densely populated urban areas compared to those in rural settings. Factors including social fragmentation, reduced social cohesion, and exposure to environmental pollutants contribute to this disparity.
Uncommon Schizophrenia Triggers You Should Know
While many triggers for schizophrenia are well-documented, some lesser-known factors also warrant attention. These uncommon triggers may not independently cause the disorder but can interact with other vulnerabilities to influence its onset or progression.
Emerging research suggests a link between schizophrenia and autoimmune disorders, with individuals diagnosed with conditions such as lupus or multiple sclerosis exhibiting higher rates of psychosis. Autoimmune processes often lead to neuroinflammation, which in turn affects brain function and contributes to symptoms of schizophrenia. Though further research needs to be conducted, those having a family history of autoimmune conditions are noted to have increased risks of psychotic disorders and vice versa.
Sleep disturbances, including insomnia and irregular sleep-wake cycles, are another potential trigger. Sleep plays a vital role in maintaining cognitive and emotional health, and chronic sleep disruption exacerbates symptoms or even precipitates psychotic episodes. Addressing sleep disorders through behavioral interventions or medications may help stabilize symptoms in vulnerable individuals.
Infections and inflammation are other uncommon yet significant triggers. Research has highlighted a link between fetuses born seropositive for bacterial and viral agents and a significantly elevated risk of developing schizophrenia. Chronic inflammation, whether due to infection or other causes, alters brain function and increases the risk of psychosis.
Finally, traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) show a possible contribution to schizophrenia-like symptoms. TBIs disrupt neural networks and lead to cognitive, emotional, and behavioral changes that resemble those seen in schizophrenia. Research has noted not all TBIs will lead to schizophrenia, and those with a predisposition to psychosis are at higher risk. The severity of the head injury was not a distinguishing factor in these studies, however, the general consensus of research connects any TBI to possibly triggering schizophrenia.
Getting Schizophrenia Treatment in Beverly Hills, CA
Schizophrenia comes from a myriad of triggers, and while symptoms can seem frightening, there are options to manage the condition moving forward. Treatment for schizophrenia will involve a multifaceted approach including various therapies, medications, and coping skill development. Your care team will be by your side through every step of care, and they’ll set you up with a personalized treatment plan to ensure you have all the necessary resources. You deserve to move forward in life without fear of another episode – take the first step today toward a brighter future.
If you or someone you love is unhappy with their schizophrenia management, help is available today. Bridges to Recovery offers a peaceful and nonjudgmental environment with a team of dedicated and compassionate experts. Our program combines evidence-based principles and holistic practices that encompass a whole-person approach to care. Call us today at 877-727-4343 to learn more about our program offerings.
Bridges to Recovery: Bridging the gap to all-encompassing care
Sources
Cheryl Corcoran, Elaine Walker, Rebecca Huot, Vijay Mittal, Kevin Tessner, Lisa Kestler, Dolores Malaspina, The Stress Cascade and Schizophrenia: Etiology and Onset, Schizophrenia Bulletin, Volume 29, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 671–692, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007038
Vallejos, M., Cesoni, O.M., Farinola, R. et al. Adverse Childhood Experiences among Men with Schizophrenia. Psychiatr Q 88, 665–673 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-016-9487-2
Florian Lederbogen, Leila Haddad, Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg,
Urban social stress – Risk factor for mental disorders. The case of schizophrenia, Environmental Pollution, Volume 183, 2013, Pages 2-6, ISSN 0269-7491, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.05.046.
Paola Casadio, Cathy Fernandes, Robin M. Murray, Marta Di Forti, Cannabis use in young people: The risk for schizophrenia, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, Volume 35, Issue 8, 2011, Pages 1779-1787, ISSN 0149-7634, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.04.007.
Alexandra Voce, Rebecca McKetin, Richard Burns, David Castle, Bianca Calabria, The relationship between illicit amphetamine use and psychiatric symptom profiles in schizophrenia and affective psychoses, Psychiatry Research, Volume 265, 2018, Pages 19-24, ISSN 0165-1781, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.04.015.
Sørensen HJ, Mortensen EL, Reinisch JM, Mednick SA. Association between prenatal exposure to analgesics and risk of schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2004;185(5):366-371. doi:10.1192/bjp.185.5.366
Jeppesen Rose , Benros Michael Eriksen, Autoimmune Diseases and Psychotic Disorders, Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, 2019, 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00131, 1664-0640 https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00131
Rachel E. Kneeland, S. Hossein Fatemi, Viral infection, inflammation and schizophrenia, Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, Volume 42, 2013, Pages 35-48, ISSN 0278-5846, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.02.001.
Charlene Molloy, Ronan M. Conroy, David R. Cotter, Mary Cannon, Is Traumatic Brain Injury A Risk Factor for Schizophrenia? A Meta-Analysis of Case-Controlled Population-Based Studies, Schizophrenia Bulletin, Volume 37, Issue 6, November 2011, Pages 1104–1110, https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbr091
Gilmore, M.D., John H. “Understanding What Causes Schizophrenia: A Developmental Perspective.” The American Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 167, no. 1, 2010.
Zornberg, M.D., Sc.D., Gwen L., et al. “Hypoxic-Ischemia-Related Fetal/Neonatal Complications and Risk of Schizophrenia and Other Nonaffective Psychoses: A 19-Year Longitudinal Study.” The American Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 157, no. 2, 2000.
